The Ornithopter in the sci-fi blockbuster film Dune resembles a helicopter crossed with a dragonfly. It’s no wonder why.

Ever since humankind has imagined flight, pioneering engineers have taken inspiration from nature. Today they’re striving to build flying robots that can reach remote places to monitor the environment and collect samples.

Flapping wings

Birds, for example, are an excellent model for investigating designs, according to Dr Raphael Zufferey, a roboticist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. 

"They benefit from millions of years of evolution," he says. "So we have something that has been optimising throughout history."

Dr Zufferey leads a research project that received EU funding to develop robots with flapping wings. 

Called FAAV, the project began two years ago and has focused on light, affordable flying machines that could be sent to explore rivers, lakes and seas to monitor their health and gather data.

Aerial-aquatic flapping robots can both fly to reach secluded locations and dive to explore, for example, the underwater realm of volcanic lakes.

"With a robot that weighs 200g, you could strap it to your backpack, walk to the edge of a volcano and launch it into a lake," says Dr Zufferey. 

He reels off examples of other potential uses for these robot helpers such as studying the health of coral reefs, taking specimens from marine organisms for DNA tests or analysing underwater sediments. 

Take-off test, swim success

Dr Zufferey says the main technical challenge is getting the robot airborne from the water. So far, his team has had some success in the laboratory. 

"It’s still a work in progress," he says. "But there were quite good first results." 

 

'With a robot that weighs 200 grammes, you could strap it to your backpack, walk to the edge of a volcano and launch it into a lake.' Dr Raphael Zufferey, FAAV

The researchers are investigating both folding and non-folding wings to see what works best. The team also managed to get its robot to swim at a speed of one metre a second after entering the water from the air – faster than most other swimming robots. 

"This was also a very good first result," says Dr Zufferey. "We were able to get a robot to swim well even though it was originally made for flight."

Mimicking nature in these ways is less simple than it may seem and involves plenty of trade-offs. For instance, the robot needs to be both light enough to fly and dense enough to dive with sensors for sampling. 

In seeking the best mix of materials, the researchers have turned to advanced polymers and carbon fibre – known for its good strength-to-weight ratio.

Dr Zufferey says it may be possible to have a robot that is able to fly and swim within about six months. He estimates the cost at about €350 apiece, saying that’s good value for activities like environmental monitoring.

Subterranean realm

Going yet deeper, other researchers are designing a robot able to venture into challenging underground places, including ones with water, to extract minerals. 

Europe has about 30,000 closed mines that still hold raw materials including chromium, copper, gold, iron and zinc crucial to industries such as energy and electronics. Recovering these materials with robots in an environmentally sound way would avoid humans having to go into dangerous places and reduce the need for imports.

 

'The ultimate idea is to provide Europe with sustainable domestic sources of raw materials.' 
Dr Claudio Rossi, ROBOMINERS

"The logical choice is to send robots," says Dr Claudio Rossi, a roboticist at the Technical University of Madrid in Spain. "The ultimate idea is to provide Europe with sustainable domestic sources of raw materials. They’re used everywhere, including in mobile phones, computers and cars."

The EU-funded ROBOMINERS project that he leads has been developing a prototype inspired by the movements of fish, insects and worms. 

Capable of tunnelling through flooded mines, this type of intrepid explorer would enable ultra-deep mining and the extraction of deposits that would otherwise be uneconomical for companies as well as dangerous for people.

At about one metre across and three metres long, the robot’s relatively small size and precision digging would reduce waste and be more eco-friendly than conventional machinery, according to Dr Rossi. The idea is to use this kind of robot in fleets. 

Mole-like whiskers

The robot would be able to repair itself and would operate with sensors and artificial intelligence. 

"The robot has whiskers like a mole," says Dr Rossi. "With these, it can touch walls or obstacles and we can construct a 3D model of the mine. It can tell us there’s a wall here, there’s a stone here, there’s a tunnel on the left."

Underwater-drilling trials have taken place in Estonia and Slovenia, with most of the robot’s key components having been tested to a water pressure of about 100 bar. 

"That means the machine would be capable of working at up to 1,000 metres down, which is more than enough," says Dr Rossi.

While the project is due to end in November 2023 after four-and-a-half years, Dr Rossi says follow-up work will be needed to perfect the prototype. 

He projects that it could take three to four more years to integrate the AI in the robot, a decade to have a fully working model and 20 years to get production under way.

"We’re just starting, but we’ve learnt a lot," says Dr Rossi. 

Looking at things the other way around, Dr Zufferey of FAAV thinks its work on flapping robots could be useful to bird researchers. 

"Why do diving birds have the size of wings that they have and why do they have the type of rigidity they have?" he says. "We could potentially come to a biologist and say, ‘this answers your question'.”