This article explores how Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) can reduce cost uncertainty in heritage restoration projects, write Amy Lea Hartnett and Dr Michael O’Shea.

It outlines the challenges of adaptive reuse, the benefits of digital integration, and the policy context driving change. The authors present ongoing research and invite participation in a related survey to inform a proposed framework for sustainable restoration.

Sustainable alternative to new construction

Heritage buildings are cultural assets that reflect the identity, craftsmanship, and history of communities. Their adaptive reuse offers a sustainable alternative to new construction, reducing carbon emissions and preserving historical value. However, restoration projects are often hindered by cost uncertainty, unforeseen structural issues, and inconsistent outcomes. This article explores a technology-driven, standardised method for heritage restoration, integrating HBIM and SHM to improve project predictability and cost certainty.

Each heritage structure varies in age, condition, materials, and historical significance. These variables complicate cost estimation, risk management, and compliance with modern building regulations. Traditional methods often rely on visual inspections and manual documentation, which can miss hidden structural issues or material incompatibilities.

Without a structured approach, restoration teams may struggle to define accurate budgets, timelines, and conservation strategies. Recently guidance on reduced safety factors on existing buildings has been published by he Institution of Structural Engineers (IstructE), which will hopefully enable engineers make better decisions on the viability of existing building reuse.  

Digital tools can also be used to increase the confidence of structural safety in a building reuse context. University College Cork (UCC) is developing a framework to improve reuse using digital tools, specifically exploring how BIM models and structural health monitoring (SHM) can be combined to improve our understanding of building structural behaviour. This framework begins with the development of a HBIM model – a detailed digital model of historic structure, incorporating architectural features, material data, and historical documentation.

The virtual model is integrated with real-time structural integrity sensors and non-invasive diagnostics. Together, these technologies enable engineers to visualise, analyse, and manage complex restoration projects with greater precision.

Evidence of structural soundness

The timing of this research is significant considering from January 2028, BIM models will be required for all public projects seeking planning permission. Restoration approvals will also require evidence of structural soundness. These developments present an opportunity to standardise HBIM and SHM practices in heritage engineering. This approach aligns with recently published guidance, BS EN ISO 19650 which support structured information management best practices. A risk matrix analysis revealed that integrating HBIM and SHM significantly reduces key project risks:

• Cost overruns: Improved scope definition and early risk identification;
• Schedule delays: Enhanced planning and prioritisation;
• Structural failures: Real-time monitoring and non-invasive diagnostics.

These findings support the use of digital tools to improve financial transparency and project outcomes.

Sustainability is becoming a central pillar of building design and policy. The need for engineers and clients to consider embodied carbon – the emissions associated with the production, transport, and installation of building materials – is gaining prominence.

According to IstructE, embodied carbon regulation is expected to become mandatory across Europe and the UK by the early 2030s (https://www.istructe.org/resources/climate-emergency/embodied-carbon-regulation/).

Adaptive reuse of existing structures, including heritage buildings, offers a clear advantage in this context. By retaining and repurposing original materials, restoration projects avoid the carbon-intensive processes of demolition and new construction.

Build Digital and Construct Innovate

National initiatives such as Build Digital and Construct Innovate are also accelerating the adoption of digital tools in the built environment. These research centres aim to improve productivity, sustainability, and innovation across the sector by promoting digital workflows, collaborative platforms, and advanced modelling techniques.

The authors are developing a standardised framework for integrating HBIM and SHM into heritage restoration. This research is informed to date by five Irish case studies – Kinsale Library, Muckross House, a traditional Irish cottage, Aghadoe Distillery, and Kish Lighthouse – which demonstrate the environmental and operational benefits of adaptive reuse.

The framework aims to bridge the gap between policy mandates and practical implementation, offering a replicable model for engineers and conservation professionals. To support this research, the authors are conducting a survey on the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings. The study focuses on how HBIM and SHM can help reduce cost uncertainty and mitigate risks in restoration projects.

Please take a few minutes to complete the survey by clicking here or as follows:
https://forms.office.com/Pages/DesignPageV2.aspx?subpage=design&token=9f074ef7b1ef4b18a6448d8c5e2bb951&id=pVz-Rm-GQk6S6e2HhiRVRSzCADNlhwpMpF4e57GGRO1UMkJPN0Q0NUxaWENSWElaOUdNVjEzU0ZFTi4u

The integration of HBIM and SHM into heritage restoration offers a transformative opportunity for conservation engineering. As Ireland moves towards mandatory BIM adoption and embodied carbon reporting, this framework provides a practical roadmap for future restoration projects – supporting informed decision-making, sustainable development, and long-term stewardship of heritage assets.

For anybody interested in upskilling in the area of structural reuse, University College Cork offers a dedicated module – CE6052: Sustainable Reuse of Existing Structures – taught by Dr Michael O’Shea. The course introduces engineers to adaptive reuse, conservation planning, and appraisal of existing structures. The next intake is scheduled for January 2026. More information: https://www.ucc.ie/en/ce6052/

Authors: Amy Lea Hartnett is a graduate engineer at MWP, specialising in conservation and adaptive reuse projects. She holds a master’s degree in civil engineering from UCC and has contributed to restoration projects including Kinsale Library and Aghadoe Distillery. Dr Michael O’Shea is a Chartered Engineer and lecturer in structural engineering at UCC. He leads the Structural and Hydro-Environmental Dynamics Group at the university (https://www.ucc.ie/en/shed/), and whose research interests include structural health monitoring, digital modelling, and sustainable infrastructure.