We in the aerial survey industry throw phrases like ‘orthorectification’, ‘aero-triangulation’ and ‘auto-correlation’ around, expecting or assuming the rest of the world to know what we are on about. I guess it is the same in most industries, we all have our specific words and phrases; so perhaps I should start from the beginning (if you have a bit of knowledge of aerial survey skip down a couple of paragraphs, and if you’re an expert, skip to the next article!)
When I talk about aerial survey, I am specifically talking about aerial photography from a piloted fixed wing aircraft. Over recent years this has become commonplace thanks to Google Earth and Bing maps etc, despite many users assuming it is all satellite imagery. It has also been overshadowed by more exciting sensors like LiDAR, hyperspectral, infrared and dare I say it…. UAVs (or Drones).
Aerial surveyors fly around the country taking many hundreds of thousands of aerial photos with specialist, and very expensive, survey cameras. These photos are then the raw materials for a host of other derived products, which are used for applications as diverse as map making, urban planning, flood modelling and wind farm modelling.
Mapping photos
Each individual photo (which is over 1GB in size as the camera is 262 megapixels), overlaps the previous photo enough to allow us to view in stereo (or 3D). The overlap is usually between 60% per cent and 80 per cent). Using mathematical calculations from information collected on the camera about the position and the tilt of the aircraft, we triangulate the photos (I won’t go into details). But in a nutshell this process turns each photo into a ‘map’ by putting it in its correct geographic location. This is known as an orthophoto and is the sort of thing you see on Google Earth or Bing Maps; they are not one big satellite image, they are made up of many thousands of individual aerial photos, stitched together.
One of the most complex aspects of the process of orthorectification is the removal of the distortion caused by the surface of the earth or terrain (this can get complicated), but if you imagine that the top of a mountain is closer to the camera than the sea is, this causes a scale distortion. Also, the centre of the image is directly below the camera whereas the edges of the photo are viewed at a very slight angle, again causing a distortion. Like this:
Digital terrain models
We remedy this by creating a ‘digital terrain model’ (DTM) from the overlapping images and use that to remove the distortion caused by the shape of the ground (hills and valleys).
This process is effective at removing distortions caused by hills and valleys, but doesn’t do the same for buildings, as towards the edges of the image they are viewed slightly from the side, for example:
[caption id="attachment_44125" align="aligncenter" width="240"]
Building lean[/caption]
This is commonly known as ‘building lean’ and has historically been very difficult and expensive to remove in aerial photos, especially on a wide scale. The main problem with building lean is that the top of the building is displaced which can obscure the ground and detail behind the building. This gets worse as the building gets taller. Another issue is that the tops of buildings are not in their correct geographic location when compared to a 2D map. This often limits the use of an ordinary orthophoto in urban areas, and they are frequently just used as a ‘backdrop’ image.
With advances in camera and processing technology, all that has changed. Newer digital survey cameras, such as the UltraCam Eagle, are so accurate and clear with better positioning technology and optics, that we can now create detailed height models that include buildings and trees as well as hills and valleys.
Digital surface models
We have now moved from creating Digital Terrain Models (DTM) to creating Digital Surface Models (DSM) as standard. The improved camera technology and the fact the cameras are digital it is possible to increase the overlap from 60 per cent to 80 per cent or even 90 per cent with no extra flying cost. With this much overlap each point on the ground is photographed multiple times and the correlation between pixels is greatly improved. These resulting DSMs are so good and computers so powerful that they are able to correct the displacement of individual buildings as well as the hills and valleys as in ordinary orthophoto. This level of distortion correction is known as 'true ortho'.
True Ortho is not a new concept, but it has been, until now, a manual and highly specialist process, therefore prohibitively expensive for most surveys, and has remained in the realm of the expert. This new technology unlocks the potential of True Ortho for all users.
I’m sure you’ll have found all this very interesting, so hopefully you’re now asking yourself ‘how does this help me?’
Improving mapping significantly
The removal of the obscurations (obscuring buildings and other non-natural features) reveals more of the photo and so every single object (including roof detail) is in the correct position. We can now use the orthophotos for more accurately creating and updating topographic maps and urban plans. Streets, utilities, street furniture, pavements and other similar features are revealed, and thus mapping, inventory and asset management is improved significantly. The image itself is more pleasing aesthetically, and can be regarded as a bona fide 2D map.
In addition, the DSM which is essentially a byproduct, is a highly useful dataset. Its applications are many and varied including conversion to a 3D mesh and creation of 3D city models, which are now widely used in urban modelling, planning, line of sight and flood assessment. Never before has the earth’s surface, both natural and non-natural, been so easy to visualise in 3D across such
expansive geographies.
In summary, aerial survey and orthophoto production has changed for the better, with no increase in acquisition costs. The resulting true ortho images are now being more widely adopted as the standard as they can now for the first time be truly coincident with equivalent vector mapping, such as Ordnance Survey MasterMap. The DSM produced simultaneously is also feeding new and novel applications in sectors from insurance to renewables and security to tourism.
If your aerial photos still have building lean you’re not seeing the full picture it's time to consider a new survey!
Blue Sky provides a variety of services, including aerial photography, LiDAR, thermal imaging, DTMs, DSMs, topographic mapping and 3D building models.
